MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATÜRK'S LIFE

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
(1881 - 1938) was the founder and the first President of the Republic
of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal was born in 1881 in Salonika (Selanik, today
in Greece, then under the Ottoman rule). His father's name was Ali Riza
Efendi. His father was customs official.
His mother's name was
Zübeyde Hanim. For his primary education, he went to the school of
Semsi Efendi in Salonika. But Mustafa lost his father at an early age,
he had to leave school. Mustafa and his mother went to live with his
uncle in the countryside. His mother brought him up. Life continued
like this for a time. Mustafa worked on the farm but his mother began
to worry about his lack of schooling. It was finally decided that he
should live with his mother's sister in Salonika.
He entered the
Military Middle School in Salonika. In 1895, after finishing the
Military Middle School, Mustafa Kemal entered the Military High School
(Askeri Idadisi ) in Manastir.
After successfully completing his
studies at the Manastir Military School, Mustafa Kemal went to Istanbul
and on the 13th of March 1899 he entered the infantry class of the
Military Academy (Harbiye Harp Okulu). After finishing the Military
Academy, Mustafa Kemal went on to the General Staff College in 1902. He
was graduated from the Academy with the rank of captain on the 11th of
January, 1905.
In 1906, he was sent to Damascus (Sam). Mustafa
Kemal and his friends founded a society which they called "Vatan ve
Hürriyet" (Fatherland and Freedom) in Damascus. On his own initiative,
he went to Tripoli during the war with Italy in 1911 and took part in
the defense of Derne and Tobruk. While he was still in Libya, the
Balkan War broke out. He served in the Balkan War as a successful
Commander (1912-1914). At the end of the Balkan War, Mustafa Kemal was
appointed military attache in Sofia.
When Mustafa Kemal was in
Sofia, the First World War broke out. He was made Commander of the
Anafartalar Group on 8th of August, 1915. In the First World War he was
in command of the Turkish forces at Anafartalar at a critical moment.
This was when the Allied landings in the Dardanelles (Çanakkale Bogazi)
took place and he personally saved the situation in Gallipoli. During
the battle, Mustafa Kemal was hit by shrapnel above the heart, but a
watch in his breast pocket saved his life. Mustafa Kemal explained his
state of mind as he accepted this great responsibility: "Indeed, it was
not easy to shoulder such responsibility, but as I had decided not to
live to see my country's destruction, I accepted it proudly". He then
served in the Caucasus and in Syria and just before the armistice in
1918 he was placed in command of the Lightning Army group in Syria.
After the armistice (peace agreement), he returned to Istanbul.
After the Armistice of Mondoros, the countries that had signed the
agreement did not consider it necessary to abide by its terms. Under
various pretexts the navies and the armies of the Entente (France,
Britain and Italy) were in Istanbul, while the province of Adana had
been occupied by the French, and Urfa and Maras by the British. There
were Italian soldiers in Antalya and Konya, and British soldiers in
Merzifon and Samsun. There were foreign officers, officials and agents
almost everywhere in the country.
On the 15th of May 1919 the Greek
Army landed in Izmir with the agreement of the Entente. Under difficult
conditions, Mustafa Kemal decided to go to Anatolia. On 16th of May
1919, he left Istanbul in a small boat called the "Bandirma". Mustafa
Kemal was warned that his enemies had planned to sink his ship on the
way out, but he was not afraid and on Monday19th May 1919, he arrived
in Samsun and set foot on Anatolian soil. That date marks the beginning
of the Turkish War of Independence. It is also the date that Mustafa
Kemal later chose as his own birthday. A wave of national resistance
arose in Anatolia. A movement had already begun in Erzurum in the east
and Mustafa Kemal quickly placed himself at the head of the whole
organization. The congresses in Erzurum and Sivas in the Summer of 1919
declared the national aims by a national pact.
When the foreign
armies occupied Istanbul, on 23th of April 1920 Mustafa Kemal opened
the Turkish Grand National Assembly and hence established a provisional
new government, the centre of which was to be Ankara. On the same day
Mustafa Kemal was elected President of the Grand National Assembly. The
Greeks, profiting by the rebellion of Çerkez Ethem and acting in
collaboration with him, started to advance towards Bursa and Eskisehir.
On the 10th of January 1921, the enemy forces were heavily defeated by
the Commander of the Western Front, colonel Ismet and his troops. On
the 10th of July 1921, the Greeks launched a frontal attack with five
divisions on Sakarya. After the great battle of Sakarya, which
continued without interruption from the 23rd of August to the 13th of
September, the Greek Army was defeated and had to retreat. After the
battle, the Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the titles of
Ghazi and Marshal. Mustafa Kemal decided to drive the enemies out of
his country and he gave the order that the attack should be launched on
the morning of the 26th of August 1922. The bulk of the enemy forces
were surrounded and killed or captured on the 30th of August at
Dumlupinar.
The enemy Commander-in-Chief, General Trikupis, was
captured. Or the 9th of September 1922 the fleeing enemy forces were
driven into the sea near Izmir. The Turkish forces, under the
extraordinary military skills of Kemal Atatürk, fought a War of Independence against the occupying Allied powers and won victories on every front all over the country.
On the 24th of July 1923, with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne,
the independence of the new Turkish State was recognized by all
countries. Mustafa Kemal built up a new, sturdy, vigorous state. On the
29th of October 1923, he declared the new Turkish Republic. Following
the declaration of the Republic he started to his radical reforms to
modernize the country. Mustafa Kemal was elected the first President of
the Republic of Turkey.
Atatürk made frequent tours of the country. While visiting Gemlik and Bursa, Atatürk caught a chill. He returned to Istanbul to be treated and to rest, but, unfortunately Atatürk was seriously ill. At 9.05 AM on the 10th of November 1938, Atatürk
died, but he attained immortality in the eyes of his people. Since the
moment of his death, his beloved name and memory have been engraved on
the hearts of his people. As a commander he had been the victorious of
many battles, as a leader he had influenced the masses, as a statesman
he had led a successful administration, and as a revolutionary he had
striven to alter the social, cultural, economic, political and legal
structure of society at its roots. He was one of the most eminent
personalities in the history of the world, history will count him among
the most glorious sons of the Turkish nation and one of the greatest
leaders of mankind.


EVENTS IN ATATÜRK'S LIFE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
1881
Mustafa born in Salonika.
1893
Mustafa enters the Military Preparatory School in Salonika and is given the second name "Kemal" by his teacher.
1895
Mustafa Kemal enters the Military High School at Manastir.
1899
Mustafa Kemal enters the infantry class of the Military Academy in Istanbul.
1902
Mustafa Kemal graduates from the Military Academy and goes on to the General Staff College.
January 11, 1905
Mustafa Kemal graduates from the General Staff College with the rank of
Staff Captain and is posted to the Fifth Army, based in Damascus.
October 1906
Mustafa Kemal and his friends from the secret society "Fatherland and Freedom" in Damascus.
September 1907
Mustafa Kemal transferred to Third Army and goes to Salonika.
September 13, 1911
Mustafa Kemal transferred to General Staff in Istanbul.
January 9, 1912
Mustafa Kemal successfully leads the Tobruk offensive in Libya.
November 25, 1912
Mustafa Kemal appointed Director of Operations, Mediterranean Straits Special Forces.
October 27, 1913
Mustafa Kemal appointed Military Attache in Sofia.
April 25, 1915
Allies land at Ariburnu (Gallipoli) and Mustafa Kemal stops their progress with his division.
August 9, 1915
Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander of Anafartalar Group.
April 1, 1916
Mustafa Kemal promoted to Brigadier-General.
August 6-7, 1916
Mustafa Kemal takes Bitlis and Mus back from the enemy.
October 31, 1918
Mustafa Kemal becomes Commander of Lightning Group of Armies.
April 30, 1919
Mustafa Kemal appointed Inspector of 9th Army based in Erzurum with wide powers.
May 16, 1919
Mustafa Kemal leaves Istanbul.
May 19, 1919
Mustafa Kemal lands in Samsun. This date was recorded as the start of War of Independence.
July 8, 1919
Mustafa Kemal resigns from the post of Inspector of 3rd Army and from the army.
July 23, 1919
Mustafa Kemal elected Chairman of Erzurum Congress.
September 4, 1919
Mustafa Kemal elected Chairman of Sivas Congress.
December 27, 1919
Mustafa Kemal arrives in Ankara with the Excutive Committee.
April 23, 1920
Mustafa Kemal opens the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara.
May 11, 1920
Mustafa Kemal is condemned to death by the government in Istanbul.
August 5, 1921
Mustafa Kemal appointed Commander-in-Chief by the Grand National Assembly.
August 23, 1921
The battle of Sakarya begins with Turkish troops led by Mustafa Kemal.
September 19, 1921
The Grand National Assembly gives Mustafa Kemal the rank of Marshal and the title Gazi.
August 26, 1922
Gazi Mustafa Kemal begins to lead the Great Offensive from the hill of Kocatepe.
August 30, 1922
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha wins the battle of Dumlupinar.
September 10, 1922
Gazi Mustafa Kemal enters Izmir.
November 1, 1922
The Grand National Assembly accepts Gazi Mustafa Kemal's proposal to abolish the Sultanate.
January 14, 1923
Mustafa Kemal's mother Zübeyde Hanim dies in Izmir.
October 29, 1923
Proclamation of the Turkish Republic and Gazi Mustafa Kemal is elected as the first President.
August 24, 1924
Gazi Mustafa Kemal wears a hat for the first time at Sarayburnu in Istanbul.
August 9, 1928
Gazi Mustafa Kemal speaks at Sarayburnu on the new Turkish Alphabet.
April 12, 1931
Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Historical Society.
July 12, 1932
Gazi Mustafa Kemal founds the Turkish Linguistic Society.
June 16, 1934
The Grand National Assembly passes a law granting Gazi Mustafa Kemal the surname "Atatürk".
November 10, 1938
Atatürk dies at 09:05 in Dolmabahçe Palace, Istanbul

eline sağlık güzel olmuş

eyw